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As mentioned above, the retina is an extension of the CNS and thus the impairment of ocular function in patients with CNS degeneration should not be surprising.

Over the last few decades, the importance of ophthalmic examination in neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS has reportedly increased. Thus, protocols for early treatment could be established to help slow the disease progression. It can be argued that improved methods of screening and early detection are essential to identify patients without cognitive impairment but with a high risk of developing AD. Currently, there is no definitive antemortem diagnosis for AD, and therefore new biomarkers for diagnosis are needed. A chronic progressive degenerative neurological disorder affecting cognition and memory, AD is characterised by the formation of extracellular amyloid beta (AОІ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (made of hyperphosphorylated tau), primarily in the cerebral cortex. In 2006, the worldwide prevalence of AlzheimerвЂ™s was 26.6 million, and by 2050, the prevalence is expected to quadruple. PD is a neurodegenerative disease of middle and old age the origin of defect lies in the basal ganglia and it is characterised by deficiency of dopamine in the midвЂђbrain area.ДЄD, the most common cause of dementia, afflicts 67 in 1000 people over the age of 65 and more than 26 million people worldwide, its prevalence and incidence increasing exponentially with age. In the brain, neurodegeneration is a key event in disorders such as ParkinsonвЂ™s disease (PD) and AlzheimerвЂ™s disease (AD). Chronic progressive retinal neurodegeneration is involved in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases such as glaucoma, ageвЂђrelated macular degeneration (ARMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). As with the CNS, any insult to the retina and optic nerve cause anterograde and retrograde axon degeneration, myelin destruction, and scar formation. Both brain and retina derive from the neural tube and consist of neurons and glial cells. The eye is a special sensory organ, as the retina is an extension of the brain. *Address all correspondence to: 10.5772/64490 From the Edited Volume Service of Geriatrics, University Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain.Service of Ophthalmology Hospital Gregorio MaraГ±on, Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain.Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, School of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain.Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain.Finally, we examine the association of two neurodegenerative diseases, AD and glaucoma, as mere coincidence or possible role in the progression of the neurodegeneration.

The value of the visual psychophysical tests in AD diagnosis is reviewed as well as the main findings of the optical coherence tomography as a contribution to the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. In addition, the pathophysiology of both the eye and the visual pathway in AD are described. We analyse the ocular manifestations in CNS disorders such as stroke, AD and ParkinsonвЂ™s disease. In this chapter, we perform an analysis of the physiological changes in ocular and cerebral ageing. Current in vivo imaging techniques are allowing ophthalmologists to detect and quantify data consistent with the histopathological findings described in the retinas of AlzheimerвЂ™s disease (AD) patients and may help to reveal unsuspected retinal and opticвЂђnerve repercussions of other CNS diseases. The retina is an extension of the CNS and thus should not be surprising to find abnormal results in both the test exploring visual processing and those examining the retina of patients with CNS degeneration.

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